金洋科技分析現在的交通問題有哪些？

    隨著城市人口的(de)增多(duo)和汽車(che)的(de)增加，城市交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)問題(ti)日益突出。在(zai)許多(duo)大(da)城市，由于過量的(de)汽車(che)，經常導致交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)阻塞，交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)事故頻繁，大(da)氣遭到污染等。交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)問題(ti)已經給城市社會經濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)帶來了嚴重影響。一般認為，大(da)城市主要存在(zai)以下(xia)一些交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)問題(ti)。

　　1.交通阻塞(sai)

　　相(xiang)對于(yu)道路(lu)(lu)網的(de)承載力來說，汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)數(shu)量(liang)過多，誘發(fa)了交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)阻(zu)(zu)塞問題。從某種(zhong)程度(du)上說，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)阻(zu)(zu)塞是(shi)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)社(she)會的(de)產物。在人們上下班(ban)的(de)高(gao)峰期(qi)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)阻(zu)(zu)塞現(xian)象(xiang)尤為明(ming)顯(xian)，在很多大(da)城市中(zhong)心區，高(gao)峰期(qi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)速度(du)僅有每小時(shi)16km。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)阻(zu)(zu)塞導致時(shi)間和能源的(de)嚴重(zhong)浪費(fei)，影響城市經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)效(xiao)率(lv)。大(da)城市圈內(nei)的(de)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)道路(lu)(lu)還在繼續建設(she)，汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)數(shu)量(liang)也(ye)進一步增加(jia)，道路(lu)(lu)的(de)建設(she)和汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)增加(jia)有可能形成(cheng)惡(e)性(xing)循環，導致更為嚴重(zhong)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)阻(zu)(zu)塞。

　　2.交通事故(gu)

　　交(jiao)通(tong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)是許多大城市存在的日(ri)趨嚴重的問題。表(biao)12-1列出了(le)(le)不同國(guo)家部分特大城市地區道路交(jiao)通(tong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)數字。表(biao)中僅統(tong)(tong)計了(le)(le)死亡人數，實際上，還有(you)大量非(fei)致命交(jiao)通(tong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)。交(jiao)通(tong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)不但導致了(le)(le)對貴重醫(yi)療設施需求的增加，而且使受傷者痛苦不堪。據統(tong)(tong)計，僅1978年(nian)，美國(guo)就有(you)52 653人死于機動車事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)。

　　3.公共交(jiao)通問題

　　公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)問(wen)題(ti)主要(yao)表(biao)現(xian)在(zai)：①由于(yu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)投資(zi)(zi)不(bu)足(zu)，致(zhi)使峰(feng)(feng)值期(qi)人(ren)們對(dui)(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)大于(yu)供(gong)給，造(zao)成交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)擁(yong)擠；②由于(yu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)波動大，高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)期(qi)過(guo)于(yu)擁(yong)擠，而非(fei)(fei)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)期(qi)使用又(you)不(bu)充(chong)分，收入銳減。高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時間(jian)和非(fei)(fei)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時間(jian)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)是一(yi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)難以解決的(de)矛盾(dun)。如果增加投資(zi)(zi)來滿足(zu)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)期(qi)人(ren)們對(dui)(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)，那(nei)么，在(zai)非(fei)(fei)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時間(jian)，這(zhe)些公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)施大部分將(jiang)處于(yu)閑置狀(zhuang)態(tai)，造(zao)成浪費。近年(nian)來，許多國家出現(xian)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)財政赤字，因而無能力對(dui)(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)行大規(gui)模投資(zi)(zi)，致(zhi)使公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)施陳舊，公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)具數量減少，服務質量降低。其結果，在(zai)發達國家，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)具依賴性(xing)較大的(de)低收入階(jie)(jie) 層(ceng)是一(yi)個打擊，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)又(you)促進(jin)了(le)中產(chan)階(jie)(jie) 級甚至低收入階(jie)(jie) 層(ceng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)小汽車的(de)依賴性(xing)。這(zhe)又(you)使公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)一(yi)步萎(wei)縮，形成惡性(xing)循環(huan)。在(zai)發展中國家，則使公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時間(jian)的(de)擁(yong)擠現(xian)象更為嚴(yan)重(zhong)，從而加劇了(le)城市交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)問(wen)題(ti)。

　　4.步(bu)行者(zhe)問(wen)題(ti)（包(bao)括騎(qi)自行車者(zhe)

　　在(zai)世界上(shang)絕(jue)大(da)多(duo)數城(cheng)市(shi)，尤其是(shi)發展中國家的城(cheng)市(shi)，步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)騎(qi)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)仍是(shi)一(yi)種重要的交通(tong)方式，步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交通(tong)量仍很(hen)大(da)。據調查，在(zai)倫敦(dun)南部，人(ren)(ren)們上(shang)下班之外的行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程中，50％以上(shang)的人(ren)(ren)是(shi)靠(kao)步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。貧窮城(cheng)市(shi)的人(ren)(ren)們常常步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)因為公共交通(tong)的票價太昂貴。現在(zai)很(hen)多(duo)城(cheng)市(shi)都在(zai)為改善(shan)道(dao)路交通(tong)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)規(gui)劃，如(ru)(ru)加寬機(ji)動車(che)道(dao)，但卻(que)很(hen)少考慮(lv)步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe)的需求，因此(ci)步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe)的易達性很(hen)差(cha)，步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe)設施(shi)缺乏，如(ru)(ru)在(zai)一(yi)些城(cheng)市(shi)，人(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)道(dao)變窄了(le)，交通(tong)安全島取消了(le)，不設置穿越(yue)馬路的綠(lv)燈信號，機(ji)動車(che)輛被允許停放在(zai)人(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)道(dao)上(shang)或(huo)道(dao)旁(pang)，這(zhe)些都給步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe)帶來麻煩(fan)和危(wei)險。步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe)還必須忍(ren)受噪聲(sheng)、煙霧、汽油味(wei)等(deng)。現在(zai)，很(hen)多(duo)大(da)城(cheng)市(shi)已開始(shi)著(zhu)手解決步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)(zhe)問(wen)題，如(ru)(ru)在(zai)中心(xin)商(shang)業區一(yi)些重要街道(dao)上(shang)禁止車(che)輛通(tong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，設為步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)街或(huo)步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)區；在(zai)市(shi)中心(xin)除公共汽車(che)外，其他(ta)車(che)輛白天均(jun)不得通(tong)過(guo)等(deng)。但解決的步(bu)(bu)伐(fa)還邁得很(hen)小(xiao)。

　　5.停車問題(ti)

　　汽(qi)車(che)(che)并(bing)非總處(chu)于運動之中(zhong)(zhong)。當它們(men)處(chu)于靜(jing)止狀態(tai)時，就要(yao)占據一(yi) 定空間(jian)。汽(qi)車(che)(che)越多(duo)，占據的(de)(de)空間(jian)越大(da)。在城市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心區(qu)，人(ren)多(duo)車(che)(che)多(duo)空間(jian)少(shao)(shao)，停(ting)車(che)(che)場(chang)(chang)與汽(qi)車(che)(che)數量(liang)很不相稱，停(ting)車(che)(che)也困(kun)難。盡管(guan)近(jin)十多(duo)年(nian)來在市(shi)區(qu)建(jian)了(le)許多(duo)多(duo)層停(ting)車(che)(che)場(chang)(chang)，但仍滿(man)足不了(le)停(ting)車(che)(che)需求。很多(duo)城市(shi)頒(ban)布了(le)法(fa)令，限制在市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心區(qu)停(ting)車(che)(che)，以(yi)控(kong)制進(jin)入(ru)(ru)市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心區(qu)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)數量(liang)。有(you)一(yi)些城市(shi)制定了(le)“停(ting)車(che)(che)一(yi)乘車(che)(che)”計劃，在市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心區(qu)外圍建(jian)若(ruo)干(gan)處(chu)停(ting)車(che)(che)場(chang)(chang)，汽(qi)車(che)(che)司機只能(neng)將(jiang)(jiang)車(che)(che)停(ting)在這些車(che)(che)場(chang)(chang)內，然后乘公(gong)共(gong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心區(qu)。但這些措施并(bing)沒有(you)解(jie)決(jue)停(ting)車(che)(che)問(wen)(wen)題。有(you)學(xue)者提出，應重新(xin)認識大(da)型(xing)公(gong)共(gong)交通工具的(de)(de)價值。美國政府(fu)曾(ceng)在70年(nian)代中(zhong)(zhong)期制定過一(yi)個方(fang)(fang)案(an)，迫使個人(ren)使用公(gong)共(gong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)來代替小汽(qi)車(che)(che)。但很多(duo)人(ren)認為，這個方(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)實(shi)施會減少(shao)(shao)家(jia)庭小汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)數量(liang)，從(cong)而(er)(er)改變消費模(mo)式，減少(shao)(shao)就業機會。于是，失(shi)業、福利、職業培訓和(he)貧困(kun)等問(wen)(wen)題隨之出現。發展公(gong)共(gong)交通還需要(yao)政府(fu)大(da)量(liang)補貼，其(qi)結果將(jiang)(jiang)限制解(jie)決(jue)其(qi)它問(wen)(wen)題資金的(de)(de)流(liu)動，或者被(bei)迫增加稅率(lv)。高稅率(lv)將(jiang)(jiang)使貨幣從(cong)個人(ren)手(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)分配到政府(fu)手(shou)里，從(cong)而(er)(er)可(ke)能(neng)造成社(she)會經濟體系(xi)變化，也增加了(le)政治(zhi)不穩(wen)定性。因此(ci)，如何有(you)效地解(jie)決(jue)停(ting)車(che)(che)問(wen)(wen)題仍在探討中(zhong)(zhong)。

    遼寧(ning)金洋科技發展集團有限公(gong)司位于(yu)風景(jing)秀(xiu)麗的鴨綠江畔，由丹(dan)東(dong)電子(zi)研究設計院轉制、遼寧東(dong)方測控集團控股。

    金洋，以民族智能交通技術趕超世界先進水平為己任，歷經四十余年執著探索、開拓創新，現已成為交通領域數字化、信息化和智慧化的領軍企業，產品遠銷海外。金洋將持續為建設國際一 流的現代化企業而奮進！

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